Kalospyros Nikolaos, O Adamantios Korais os kritikos filologos kai ekdotis: Ena kefalaio stin Istoria ton klasikon spoudon stin Evropi tou 19ou aiona
 
(To chf. Chiou 490), Athina 2006, Syllogos pros Diadosin Ofelimon Vivlion
 
 
 

The major part of the preface of Πρόδρομον της Ελληνικής Βιβλιοθήκης (1805) comprises the “Στοχασμοί αυτοσχέδιοι περί της Ελληνικής παιδείας και γλώσσης [...]” and has a pedagogical content: ways for modern Greeks to learn the language of their ancestors, the grammar, matters of neologisms (barbarisms) -solecisms-misnomer-catachreses-archaisms, the exclusive teaching of grammar when studying language, the order of the parts of speech in when teaching them (emphasizing on the verb), the grammar and syntax textbooks by Apollonios and Theodoros Gazeos, syntax, ancient Greek composition of themes and the appropriate application thereof, the “explanation” as the “reverse of composition”, teaching failure in unsystematic school tradition and its consequences, the problem of the intervention of foreign words (loans from Turkish, French, Italian, and German), vulgar vocabulary and phenomena of pedantry in modern language, simultaneous teaching of ancient and common spoken language, the study of ancient dialects aside from the post-classical so-called Koine, the compilation of reading books and selection of texts, an indicative anthology of ancient Greek texts of moral content, appropriate and attractive teaching methods, the significance of studying ancient philosophy in parallel to the course of religion. The preface in the other volumes of the “Ελληνική Βιβλιοθήκη” comprise the rest of Korais’ reflections, entitled «Ακολουθία των αυτοσχεδίων στοχασμών περί της Ελληνικής παιδείας και γλώσσης […]”. In the edition of Isocrates, he makes reference to the art of rhetoric (significance, history, types/genres, major representatives, teaching, objectives, and preconditions). In his preface often, as we see in the edition of Isocrates, he refers to the advantages and disadvantages of earlier editions: good use of manuscripts, clear remarks, comprehensive and essential remarks, as well as verbosity and strange digressions.

     In the preface of the first volume of the edition with the Vii of Ploutarchos (1809), where we can also find “Ακολουθία των αυτοσχεδίων στοχασμών περί της Ελληνικής παιδείας και γλώσσης” we discern the lexicographic interest of Korais and his interest in printing political and philological newspapers. The third volume comprises corrections and grammar-etymology issues arising from the comparative study of ancient and Modern Greek language. In the fourth volume he examines the history of words and the relationship between linguists and philosophers. The preface in the edition Aesop’s Myths (1810) is quite distinct: it refers to the theory of myth and the history of collections of myths from classical antiquity to byzantine and contemporary European works, the fiction on Aesop (Aesop’s Life) and surviving stories, the advantages and sources of different previous editions, the flaws of editions and the difficulty to purge the material to be published and coming from different mythological sources. In the edition on Aesop and in most of the others, the normally infallible linguistic-publishing instinct of Korais urged him to circumstantial references to the issue of understanding the classical text in subsequent centuries. Using the hysteron proteron figure of speech it could be said that with the instinct of linguist he managed to satisfy even by half the criteria of the aesthetic of reception, as Manfred Fuhrmann said regarding the insufficient literary examination by contemporary science of classical philology. Literary criticism made felicitous reference especially to the short-story on Papatrechas from the preface of the Volissian edition of Homer’s Iliad.

     Through his preface he seeks to contribute new elements. In the “Preface to the Geography of Strabo” apart from examining the previous editions of the ancient geographer, he presents the ancient sources of his work with several literary information, that are sufficient on their own to prove the need of the new edition by Korais. In the preface of the second edition Περί αέρων, υδάτων, τόπων  of Ippocrates “Korais attempted a dynamic intervention to modern Greek medical education inviting new students to follow the way paved by Ippocrates and not that of “enchanters” doctors, that prevailed even then in Greece. This meant above all that they had to modernize and make more human the practice of their science”. The classical tradition of Ippocrates as a foundation for human oriented medical education.

     All these comprise more or less the coverage of notes serving the editions of Korais. As the series progressed, the struggle for independence having started, Korais insisted less on his publishing and systematizing work, emphasizing on the patriotic conscience.

     In a basic encyclopaedic entry that we have on the wise old man from Chios, Pandelakis listed the views of foreign Hellenists on the work of Korais, such as that of the Swiss Sinner for the French edition of Χαρακτήρες by Theophrastos (that the introduction stands out for its assiduity and deep bibliographical knowledge). “Aftoshedii Stohasmi” as a text on literature was praised by contemporary scholars, particularly by K. Vardalahos. In the republication of Προλεγόμενα by Μ.Ι.Ε.Τ. (National Bank of Greece Cultural Foundation) the forewords of K.Th. Dimaras, Em. N. Fragiskos, L. Droulia summarize the main features of Korais reflections and reasoning. We insisted on the issue of the distinct linguistic character of Προλεγόμενα. It appears that the genre of platonic literary dialog as a framework of expressing ideas did not go unnoticed by Korais; we often note that different parenthetical political texts are presented as a preface in the form of dialog. In general, we can agree with Emm. N. Fragiskos that through these scientific essays governed by rationalism (taking into account the time and their originality in Greek literature), "these brilliant evidence of his extensive literary knowledge and his brilliance – virtues recognized by European linguists for a long time– aimed at introducing Greek teachers and students of Greek letters in the various problems of texts: historical, linguistic, publishing and guide them to understand the importance and at the same time difficulty of publishing an ancient writer as well as how necessary it was the focus of learning to shift from “good in terms of grammar” texts to “text subject”, that is the material that is mostly appropriate to exercise judgement: "the tradition of Greek language aims above all at the subject, and does not concentrate on words except to that extent that the latter contribute in judging the subject; the work of the teacher is to plant borders in the heads of youth, the great lesson of judgement" (Preface in Aesop’s Fables). Therefore, introductions are not written in the strict style of a scientific paper but in the inductive manner, the art of narration and the vibration of a teaching text”; moreover, “demonstrating knowledge of classical antiquity was not an end in itself for Korais, but rather a means and a source of stimuli to lead him each time to the object that monopolized his concern, the contemporary situation of Greeks”. Thus, in the prefaces of Πολιτικά by Aristotelis, he made an attempt to conciliate the Aristotelian reasoning with the imperatives of the Enlightenment, combining political society with the human-citizen. His prefaces present inexhaustible educational concerns. That is why it was not exclusively a text of the French Enlightenment or a sterile product of the trend to use archaic elements prevailing in Paris at the time; on the contrary it was a fruit of his vigour and his concern over language and education, in the context of the general interests that experts attributed to the current of neohumanism. Anyhow, in his well-intended advice concerning the education moulding his fellow Greeks, his dedication to literature remained a significant and inextricable factor, given that he approached the classics with a strong moral sense and at the same time an active interest in what historians call present and future, not excluding the past in the context of co-examining cultures (mainly the ancient Greek classical world), as became discernible from the aforementioned samples. In other words, the first literary concern of Korais when writing his prefaces was the exaltation of the glory of the ancestors, the promotion of the patrimony to the next generations. The prefaces of Korais provide knowledge on grammar, the history of Greek and contemporary historical situation, that is all those interesting elements that J. B. Bauer boasted that the critical study of texts could provide.